Uhm, it might sound arrogant but in metric you don’t need that sort of thing? The next order of measurment is just ±10^x where X is the number of dimensions you want to look at: 10 for i.e. length, 100 for area and 1000 for volume.
Lets look at length: Most commonly used are Millimeter, Centimeter, Meter and Kilometer.
Meter is the base. The name centimeter derives from meter and the Latin word centum meaning 100.So a centimeter is hundredth of a meter (decemeter, 10th, ist not really used much in everyday life). One step further down is millimeter: mille is Latin for thousand, therefore a millimeter is a thousandth of a meter.
Going up Greek prefixes are used: Deka-(10) and hektometer (100) are rarely used and Greek chilloi means thousand and therefore a kilometer is 1000 meters.
Staying in one dimension the same applies to gramme for weight: Milligrams, Gram and Kilograms are the moat common.
Going up in dimensions we use the same prefixes but the multiplyer changes because 10^2 is 100. So to go from 1 m² (one meter to the width times one meter depth) to 1 km² (thousand meters wide times thousand meeter deep)) the multiplier is not 10³ (1000) but 100³.
The whole prefixes are effectively optional and just for better readability.
Yes/No. There are quirks such as “ton” but in essence you can say 1 million gram and everything is fine. Remembering all those short forms is a nice to have, not a requirement.